The Age of Romanticism
Romanticism
- is the age of artistic and intellectual movement that began in Europe in the late 18th century to the mid-19th century
- the romantics rejected science and reason and instead, embraced nature, emotion and individual experience. This rebellious ideas inspired the romantics to champion the rights of the common people.
Historical events during the age of romanticism
Defending equality and human rights, the French Revolution inspired revolutions across Europe.
1792
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France was declared a republic
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1793
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Mass execution was carried out as The reign of Terror begins
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1804
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Napoleon crowns himself emperor of France
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1812
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Napoleon invades Russia
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1815
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Napoleon was defeated by British allies in Waterloo
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1837
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Victoria becomes the Queen of Great Britain
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1848
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Riots and strikes break out in industrial regions of England
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Qualities of Romanticism
- Imagination, spontaneity, intuition
Imagination is the primary faculty for creating all art.
- Exotic
Romantics were also fascinated with realms of existence that were, by definition, prior to or opposed to the ordered conceptions of "objective" reason. There is certain unusal and beliefs on supernatural beings
- Love of nature
Particular perspectives with regard to nature varied considerably--nature as a healing power, nature as a source of subject and image, nature as a refuge from the artificial constructs of civilization, including artificial language--the prevailing views accorded nature the status of an organically unified whole
- Emphasis on freedom and individualism
The Romantics asserted the importance of the individual, the unique, even the eccentric. It is often subjected to the triumph of a person over sin.
- Faith in common people
unlike neo classicist, romantics emphasize and reflects on the experiences of childhood, unsophisticated societies of the common people
- Idealization of everyday living
Romantic artists often turned for their symbols to folk legends and older, who used "the language of commen men," not an artificial and to children (for the first time presented as individuals, and often idealized as sources of greater wisdom than adults).
Famous Writers During Romanticism
1. Walt Whitman
2. Edgar Allan Poe
3. Mary Shelley
4. Percy Bysshe
5. Samuel Taylor Coleridge
6. William Wordsworth
7. Lord Byron
8. William Blake
9. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
10. Leo Tolstoy
11. Heinrich Heine
12. Victor Hugo
Famous Works and Writers in the Age of Romanticism
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe was a German wirter, pictorial artist, biologist, theoretical physicist, and polymath. He is considered the supreme genius of modern German literature. His works span the fields of poetry, drama, prose, philosophy, and science. His Faust has been called the greatest long poem of modern European literature. His other well-known literary works include his numerous poems, the Bildungsroman Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship, and the epistolary novel The Sorrows of Young Werther.
Goethe was one of the key figures of German literature and the movement of Weimar Classicism in the late 18th and early 19th centuries; this movement coincides with Enlightenment, Sentimentalism (Empfindsamkeit), Sturm und Drang andRomanticism. The author of the scientific text Theory of Colours, his influential ideas on plant and animal morphology and homology were extended and developed by 19th century naturalists including Charles Darwin.[4] He also served at length as the Privy Councilor of the duchy of Saxe-Weimar.
FAUST
Ø Author: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
Ø Language: German
Ø Title of the Entire Work: Faust.
Ø Genre: Faust is a both a play and an epic. Although Goethe classes the first and second parts as tragedies, the work ends happily after Faust dies and goes to heaven.
Ø Settings
. The action takes place in Heaven, on earth on the European continent, and in chimerical locales.
. The action takes place in Heaven, on earth on the European continent, and in chimerical locales.
Ø Main Characters
.Protagonist: Faust
Antagonist: Mephistopheles
.Protagonist: Faust
Antagonist: Mephistopheles
The Lord
Raphael, Michael, Gabriel: Archangels.
Faust: Scholar, medical doctor, and magician.
Mephistopheles: The devil.
Wagner: Faust's assistant.
Margaret (Also Called Gretchen): Young woman who attracts Faust.
Valentine: Brother of Margaret.
Martha: Margaret's Neighbor.
Homonculus: Tiny man created by Wagner.
Emperor: Ruler of a domain saved by Mephistopheles and Faust.
Helen of Troy: Mythological figure of extraordinary beauty.
Euphorion: Son of Faust and Helen of Troy.
Numerous Other Mythological Figures
Witches, Spirits, Soldiers, Students
Tavern Revelers
Raphael, Michael, Gabriel: Archangels.
Faust: Scholar, medical doctor, and magician.
Mephistopheles: The devil.
Wagner: Faust's assistant.
Margaret (Also Called Gretchen): Young woman who attracts Faust.
Valentine: Brother of Margaret.
Martha: Margaret's Neighbor.
Homonculus: Tiny man created by Wagner.
Emperor: Ruler of a domain saved by Mephistopheles and Faust.
Helen of Troy: Mythological figure of extraordinary beauty.
Euphorion: Son of Faust and Helen of Troy.
Numerous Other Mythological Figures
Witches, Spirits, Soldiers, Students
Tavern Revelers
Themes
¢ Salvation Through Striving
¢ Quest for Knowledge
¢ Lack of Fulfillment
¢ Deception
¢ Life Is Worth Living
Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy known in the West as Leo Tolstoy (September 9, 1828 – November 20, 1910) was a Russian writer who primarily wrote novels and short stories. Later in life, he also wrote plays and essays. His two most famous works, the novels War and Peace and Anna Karenina, are acknowledged as two of the greatest novels of all time and a pinnacle of realist fiction. Many consider Tolstoy to have been one of the world's greatest novelists. Tolstoy is equally known for his complicated and paradoxical persona and for his extreme moralistic and ascetic views, which he adopted after a moral crisis and spiritual awakening in the 1870s, after which he also became noted as a moral thinker and social reformer.
Tolstoy also achieved world renown as a moral and religious teacher. His doctrine of nonresistance to evil had an important influence on Gandhi. Although Tolstoy's religious ideas no longer command the respect they once did, interest in his life and personality has, if anything, increased over the years
GOD SEES THE TRUTH BUT WAITS
Ø Author: Leo Tolstoy
Ø Genre: short story
Ø Setting: in Vladimir town, and in Siberia
Ø Characters:
Aksenov - young merchant who live in Vladimir
Vanya - the wife of Aksenov
Makar - the man who caused Aksenov sufferings
Vanya - the wife of Aksenov
Makar - the man who caused Aksenov sufferings
Ø Theme:
§ Social injustice
§ Giving up material things
§ Forgiveness
§ Faith
Christian Johann Heinrich Heine (13 December 1797 – 17 February 1856) was one of the most significant German poets of the 19th century. He was also a journalist, essayist, and literary critic. He is best known outside Germany for his early lyric poetry, which was set to music in the form of Lieder (art songs) by composers such as Robert Schumann and Franz Schubert. Heine's later verse and prose is distinguished by its satirical wit and irony. His radical political views led to many of his works being banned by German authorities. Heine spent the last 25 years of his life as an expatriate in Paris.
THE LOTUS FLOWER
The Lotus flower shudders
When the Sun brings forth his light.
She droops her head in slumber
To dream in wait for the night
When the Sun brings forth his light.
She droops her head in slumber
To dream in wait for the night
The moon is the Lotus' lover.
He wakes her with bright grace
Before him she will gladly uncover
Her flower's devoted face.
He wakes her with bright grace
Before him she will gladly uncover
Her flower's devoted face.
She shines and glows and blossoms
And mutely gazes above.
She sighs and weeps and trembles
With love and the woe of love.
And mutely gazes above.
She sighs and weeps and trembles
With love and the woe of love.
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